NREGA activists protest against the inefficient functioning of MoRD and CEGC

A note circulated by Aruna Roy and Jean Dreze at a meeting of the Central Employment Guarantee Council (CEGC) during August, 2010 led to outburst from some leaders of the ruling UPA 2. The note provided a critique on various aspects of implementation of NREGA. The Ministry of Rural Development rejected an increase in the minimum wages or linking it to prices (Consumer Price Index), as demanded by activists like Aruna Roy and Jean Dreze. It has been felt by the activists that the Government is keen to raise the salaries of the elites instead of the manual labourers who are employed under NREGA.

Ms. Aruna Roy and Nikhil Dey were also unhappy with the way Rajasthan Government refused registration of NREGS workers' unions in the state, despite such unions functioning in other states like UP and Gujarat. Rajasthan has also been the state in news recently, where sarpanches were protesting against conducting of social audits. The sarpanches in Rajasthan have been openly violating rules by giving material supply contracts to their favorites. At many places purchase records were fudged and the wage to material ratio (i.e. 60:40) was distorted by using JCB machines instead of employing manual labourers. The NREGA activists protested against a clause in MGNREGA where sarpanches who spend the money are also authorized to conduct social audit.

It is in this context that a press conference titled ‘Crisis in MGNREGA Implementation’ was held at Indian Women Press Corps, Ashoka Road, New Delhi on 27 September, 2010. During a short interview, Nikhil Dey informed Inclusive Media team that the press conference has been called for informing the media on certain issues:

1. Poor implementation of NREGA could be observed at various places. There has been open flouting of rules under this scheme in Rajasthan and various parts of the country.
2. Ninety nine NREGA workers of Gudlia Gaon under Rupbas Panchayat of Tonk district in Rajasthan were paid wage at the rate of Rs. 1 a day. The same amount was shown in the muster rolls (as wages paid) and transferred to the respective bank accounts of these workers.
3. No compensation has been paid for delayed payments of wages and there has been no payment of unemployment compensation in many places.

Prof. Jean Dreze paid homage to Prof. Arjun Sengupta who recently passed away. This was followed by 1 minute silence. In his condolence message, Prof, Dreze informed that Dr. Sengupta would be known for his role in the Right to Development movement and his reports when he was the Chairperson of National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (www.nceus.gov.in). It was his claim that nearly 77 percent of the Indian population live below the poverty line of Rs. 20 per day.

MKSS activist Nikhil Dey informed that the press conference was held to discuss the following issues:

1. Range of entitlement-Right to get 100 days of job and minimum wages

Wage aspects-Central Government ignoring the payment of minimum wages

Linking the wage to Consumer Price Index (CPI)

Payment of wages within 15 days of work being done-Delay in payment

2. Social Audit

Undermining of social audit

Benefits of social audit in Andhra Pradesh

3. Unionization of labour

Nikhil Dey told that 99 labourers from Tonk district received Rs. 11/- each for 11 days of hard labour i.e. they were paid at the rate of Re. 1/- per day. Their hard labour was not paid justly. JCB machines were employed at various places. Work done was neither estimated properly by the Junior Engineers so that wages could be paid according to piece rate system nor was minimum wages (flat wages) paid to the labourers employed under MGNREGA. Hence, a Mazdoor Satyagraha would be organized in Jaipur, Rajasthan on 2 October, 2010 where the underpaid 99 labourers’ wage amount would be deposited with the Chief Minister's Relief Fund with the request that the amount be paid as Dearness Allowance to the State government employees, “for whom alone the government cares.” Due to the power and autonomy given to the panchayats, they have started acting like khap panchayats. The panchayats are not accountable to the public anymore. The Government is maintaining anti-labour attitude towards the NREGA. He said that NREGA pushed up agricultural wages in the initial stage but this process is being reversed now due to delayed payment and lower wages. There exists low density of post offices and banks in rural areas. These are poorly equipped. Post offices generally have no computers and are single employee branches. There exists inadequate staff at the Gram Panchayat and Block-levels, which means that crucial record-keeping, including measurement is delayed.

Prof. Jean Dreze said that there has been violation of NREGA under which fundamental entitlements are promised to be provided to the workers. Bharat Nirman Rajiv Gandhi Seva Kendra is a wrong priority under NREGA, which has been emphasized by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD). Almost 90 percent of the expenditure would be made on material, if Rajiv Gandhi Seva Kendras are constructed. This would allow backdoor entry of contractors in the NREGS. If there is no provision made for Rajiv Gandhi Seva Kendras by the panchayats, then the second installment would be delayed. This new rule of the MoRD has resulted in delayed payments. The role of the MoRD has been disappointing. The real value of wage is going down because the wage rates were frozen and prices increased enormously. Wages must get linked to Consumer Price Index (CPI), said Dreze. If the wage rate is linked to the CPI, then minimum wages would go upto Rs.125/- per day from Rs. 100/- per day. The minimum wages must be fixed by the states and paid by the Centre. The MoRD’s response to the recommendations of the Working Group on Wages (WGW) has been to delay the matter further by referring it to other committees like Dr. Pronab Sen Committee. The WGW recommended that NREGA wages should be immediately indexed to the price level, using the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers (CPIAL), with 1 April, 2009 as the ‘base’ so that real value of wage is at least Rs. 100 per day at April, 2009 prices. Prof. Dreze said that violation of Minimum Wage Act, 1948 is not acceptable to the NREGA workers. Article 23 mandates that no person shall be required or permitted to provide labour or service to another on payment of anything less than the minimum wages. The provisions of the MGNREGA must be respected. Compensation for delayed payments must be provided. Why the workers should work if they are not paid in time, he asked. The Government must be proactive in paying minimum wages and compensation for delayed payments. The Central Employment Guarantee Council (CEGC) is functioning like the MoRD because of the way it has been constituted. Delays in payment of wages is a deliberate attempt to harass the workers as the scope of corruption got reduced due to opening up of bank accounts for the NREGA workers. There is no accountability measure to stop unemployment compensation not being paid. Without the provision and payment of unemployment compensation, the scheme cannot be called Employment Guaranty Act.

Dr. Ritika Khera said that in almost every state like Jharkhand, Chattisgarh etc. delay in payment of wages could be observed. Workers cannot work with an empty stomach. If payments are not made properly at the right time then migration would rise. Junior Engineers are engaged in harassing of workers as they are not held accountable. If measurement is not done by the Junior Engineers, then workers must be paid a flat wage (equivalent to minimum wage).

Ms. Aruna Roy informed that social auditing is mandatory under NREGA, which shall be done by the panchayats. At present, corruption is affecting a scheme, which is meant for the poor. Physical verification of work by the public is of utmost importance. In the past 5 years, social auditing in Andhra Pradesh has led to positive outcomes. Presently, sarpanches (gram sabhas) are given the authority for conducting social audits under an order of 2008. But such social audits are neither social nor audits. It is just a symbolic gesture. Bureaucracy and outsiders cannot be a part of such social audits. She said that the conditional cash transfer mechanism cannot reduce corruption and if brought in lieu of NREGA, it would undermine the dignity of labour and the poor. She informed that the Central Employment Guarantee Council (CEGC) does not have enough time to consult and attend meetings. There must be constitution of an Executive Committee. The MoRD must give more autonomy to the CEGC.

Shri Satya Bose from People’s Monitoring Committee, Andhra Pradesh informed that NREGA is a demand driven programme. In the name of rural connectivity, panchayats are diverting funds away from NREGA. Biometric cards are helping people to access wages from banks and post-offices. Shrama Shakti Sanghams-union of NREGA workers is empowering the poor. Andhra Pradesh has the best social audit system as compared to the other states. The Andhra Pradesh government has a separate fund for social auditing. Three rounds of social audit have been done in most villages. More than 10,000 deviations have been brought out by the social audit resulting in dismissal of nearly 4,000 implementing staff and more than 600 criminal cases on the culprits. Since its formation in 2009, Society for Social Audit, Accountability & Transparency (SSAAT) has succeeded in creating a massive social capital by identifying and training more than 60,000 educated youth in the villages in conducting social audit. The Andhra model of social auditing can be replicated elsewhere. In AP, workers receive their payments within a week, which has been possible due to the computerization of the payment process.

Ms. Annie Raja of National Federation of Indian Women said that the primary objective of the NREGA is to provide livelihood security to the needy people. However, in a recent survey of around 1000 workers, it has been found that 62 percent of them did not get their minimum wages. Nearly, 60 percent got their wages after a delay of 3 months. The CEGC’s performance has not been upto the mark. The Government is scuttling the powers of CEGC. The CEGC must be constituted properly. There is no Executive Committee. The CEGC must place a report to the Parliament. The Rajasthan Government has refused registration of NREGS workers' unions. Delay in wage payment can increase the rate of migration.

For more information, kindly click the following links:

Cong, activists at loggerheads over NREGA by Sreelatha Menon, The Business Standard, 23 September, 2010, http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/cong-activists-at-loggerheads-over-nrega/408892

'Systemic reform to root out corruption still needed' by Bharat Dogra, The Times of India, 13 September, 2010, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Systemic-reform-to-root-out-corruption-still-needed/articleshow/6541296.cms

NAC members blast execution of NREGA, call it 'anti-labour', The Financial Express, 28 September, 2010,

http://www.financialexpress.com/news/NAC-members-blast-execution-of-NREGA--call-it---anti-labour--/689178/

MNREGA workers peeved at being paid Re. 1 by K Balchand, The Hindu, 28 September, 2010, http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/28/stories/2010092862850800.htm

States fail on dole for jobless-Unemployment allowance to handful, The Telegraph, 28 September, 2010,

http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100928/jsp/nation/story_12990989.jsp

Rajasthan refuses to recognise NREGA workers' union by Sreelatha Menon, Sify News, 30 September, 2010, http://sify.com/finance/rajasthan-refuses-to-recognise-nrega-workers-union-news-news-kj4bOWhfahh.html

Let’s build on the positives, The Hindustan Times, 29 September, 2010,

http://www.hindustantimes.com/Let-s-build-on-the-positives/Article1-606195.aspx

A Campaign for No UID-Till Complete Transparency, Accountability and People’s Participation*

The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI, http://uidai.gov.in/) was constituted by the Central Government (via notification) in February, 2009 to give each Indian resident a UID number. UID will be a unique 12-digit number, which will store basic demographic and identity information of an individual along with his/ her biometrics (10 fingerprints, iris scan and photo). As per the Government, UID numbers will enable efficient delivery of Government services by plugging leakages, and facilitate inclusive development through improved targeting.

However, the project was met with widespread concern on grounds of privacy and potential for misuse by elements of the State. Various representatives have been made to the Authority through civil society meetings, op-eds and open discussions. In response the Government has set up a Group of Officers under the Secretary, DoPT to develop a framework for data protection, security and privacy. Simultaneously, the UIDAI has circulated a draft National Identification Authority of India Bill aimed primarily at achieving statutory status while resisting both regulation and accountability.

Meanwhile, in the United Kingdom, the first Bill introduced by the new Conservatives and Liberal Democrat Government was the Identity Documents Bill so as to cancel the similar National ID Project. UIDAI was set-up via a GoI notification as an attached office of the Planning Commission without any discussion or debate in the Parliament or civil society.

A press conference to protest against the Unique Identity Card (UID) project of the Government of India was arranged at Press Club of India, New Delhi on 28 September, 2010. The panel comprised of Justice AP Shah, Upendra Baxi, Nikhil Dey, Uma Chakravarthi, Shohini Ghosh, Prof. Jagdeep S. Chhokar, Amar Kanwar, Reetika Khera, Praful Bidwai and Bezwada Wilson so as to discuss a project that has the potential to transform the state-citizen relationship and affect every resident.

Ms. Usha Ramanathan informed that there has been little debate on the UID project. The first draft of the UIDAI Bill that was put on the website was defective. The Union Cabinet on 24 September, 2010 approved the proposed National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010, which envisages the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) as a statutory body. The Bill will now be introduced in Parliament for approval. The UID is like a project, which is done privately by some individuals. The UID project can affect the relationship between State and citizens. There are people in the public sphere who are concerned about this project. Seventeen eminent signatories, Justice VR Krishna Iyer, Retired Judge, Supreme Court of India, Prof Romila Thapar, Historian, KG Kannabiran, Senior Civil Liberties Lawyer, Kavita Srivastava, PUCL and Right to Food Campaign, Aruna Roy, MKSS, Rajasthan, Nikhil Dey, MKSS, Rajasthan, SR Sankaran, Retired Secretary, Government of India, Deep Joshi, Independent Consultant, Upendra Baxi, Jurist and ex-Vice Chancellor of Universities of Surat and Delhi, Uma Chakravarthi, Historian, Shohini Ghosh, Teacher and Film Maker, Amar Kanwar, Film Maker, Bezwada Wilson, Safai Karamchari Andolan, Trilochan Sastry, IIMB, and Association for Democratic Reforms, Prof. Jagdeep S. Chhokar , ex- IIMA, and Association for Democratic Reforms, Shabnam Hashmi, ANHAD, Justice AP Shah, Retired Chief Justice of High Court of Delhi, have asked that: a. The project be halted; b. A feasibility study be done covering all aspects of this issue; c. Experts be tasked with studying its constitutionality; d. The law on privacy be urgently worked on (this will affect matters way beyond the UID project); e. A cost-benefit analysis be done; and, f. A public, informed debate is conducted before any such major change is brought in. Ms. Ramanathan asked that such a major project cannot be allowed to happen without public consent and debate. The entire cost of UIDAI is unknown to most of us. The Government must go for a public consultation on UID project. The Apollo Hospitals group has offered to manage health records through the UIDAI. There is a marketing agenda behind this project, she added.

Ms. Uma Chakravarthi said that the UID project reminded her of migration of indentured coolie labour in South Africa during the colonial days. During that time, every migrant labourer had a unique number and s/he was photographed along with that number. The question is how one can associate a person with a particular number. Associating a person with a number actually stigmatizes him/ her. The present ideology of the Government is that schemes meant for the poor are failing since there is no UIDAI. Accessing one’s right via a number is actually a non-starter. In Kashmir, every citizen has to keep an identity card. In the absence of identity card, ordinary Kashmiris are harassed by the authorities. The UID card has become like a passport for movement. Earlier the BJP Government tried to identify illegal migrants. Hence, a person without UID would be considered as an illegal migrant. Poor migrants are likely to suffer if the UID project comes into being. Ms. Chakravarthi asked whether the identity number changes as one changes the place of stay like it happens for ration card. The privacy of an individual is at stake due to UIDAI. This project is nothing but a façade.

Ms. Shohini Ghosh informed that privacy will be adversely affected due to UID project. She asked what purpose this massive public databank would serve under UID. Health data leakage can lead to harassment of people such as those who are HIV positive. Residents of Jamia Nagar near JMI are routinely denied credit cards. People can be harassed because the UID project would disclose one’s background. The UID document is ahistorical and it promises a utopia.

Shri Bezwada Wilson asked why a massive project like UIDAI was undertaken without any proper objective. He questioned whether such a project is really needed. He further asked whether the identity of untouchables would be revealed due to UID project. He shared his own experience when he said that the dominant entities always asked for identity of untouchables (manual scavengers). The caste biasness can affect service delivery to the poor and dalits under UID project.

Shri AP Shah informed that profiling and tracking can take place due to UIDAI. The State can come to know information about its citizens, and this could be risky in the backdrop of State-sponsored terrorism. The Maharastra Navnirman Sena (MNS) has harassed people from North India in Maharastra earlier. Countries like the United States, United Kingdom and Australia started with similar projects earlier. But soon they abandoned the idea. Privacy is an issue for the poor too. A study on the potential gains and losses of UID project never happened before the project got started. A privacy Bill has to be passed by the Parliament to deal with UID. Health information may be leaked to multi-national corporations if the UID becomes active. The cost-benefit ratio of UIDAI has not been estimated. Such projects cannot be started without public debate. Even though the UID project is unprecedented anywhere in the world both in population size and application, no feasibility study was done prior. There is a possibility of commercial exploitation of UIDAI, he added.

Ms. Ritika Khera said that one cannot be anti-technology in today’s world. But technology has to be transparent and accessible. Though it is promised that UID would lead to portability, but it must be backed by better supply chain management. The UID project needs public distribution system (PDS) and National Rural Employment Guaranty Act (NREGA) databases for its success. The project can, however, reduce re-duplication of ration cards. In total, UID’s contribution would be marginal.

Shri Nikhil Dey said that the UID project team comprises of technology experts but it lacks experts on NREGA and PDS. Corruption cannot be reduced through UID. He asked about the potential value addition due to UID project vis-à-vis localized biometric system. The security aspect of UID cannot be neglected. The Government wants to carry out conditional cash transfers via UID. UIDAI is completely opposite to the Right to Information (RTI) Act in spirit since the former will enable the Government to look at each and every act of citizens whereas the latter helps the citizens to watch each and every act of the Government. If the UID comes into being, there could be a need for a separate privacy law. If the privacy law is enacted, then it might clash with the existing RTI Act. There is a need to track the money where it is going, and not the citizens.

Shri Prof. Jagdeep S. Chhokar said that one must not forget the Manhattan Project while discussing the UID project. Though the use of technology is a good idea, it can be questioned what purpose it is going to serve. The privacy law if enacted must be protected by the judiciary. The Government has to be accountable to its people.

Shri Praful Bidwai emphasized that the UID project has a dubious origin. The origins of the project can be traced back to the controversial report of the Kargil Review Committee chaired by K Subrahmaniam, which noted that immediate steps were needed to issue ID cards to villagers in border districts, pending its extension to other parts of the country. In a report titled ‘Reforming the National Security System’, a Group of Ministers of the NDA Government conveyed that all citizens should be given a multi-purpose national identity card (MNIC) and non-citizens should be issued identity cards of a different colour and design so as to check illegal migration. He cited one study carried out by a team from London School of Economics about a similar project done by the British Government. The team found that such technology is untested and unreliable. The biometric technology is unreliable and expensive. Indian defense’s computer systems were hacked recently. He termed the UID project insane.

Critique of UID Bill

1. False claims: It has been said that the UID project will enable inclusive growth. However, exclusion and leakages are not caused by the inability to prove identity—they are caused by the deliberate manipulation of the system by those who have the power to control the flow of benefits. BPL families who have valid ration cards are unable to get their quota of foodgrains-not because the validity of the card is disputed but because the ration shop owners exploit them and force them to take less than their due.
2. Violation of privacy and civil liberties: The UID scheme violates the right to privacy. International law and India’s domestic law have set clear standards to protect an individual’s privacy from unlawful invasion. Under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), ratified by India, an individual’s right to privacy is protected from arbitrary or unlawful interference by the State. The Supreme Court has held right to privacy to be implicit under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution (Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu, 1994 and PUCL v. Union of India, 1996). Section 15 of the Census Act categorically states that information given for the Census is neither open to inspection nor admissible in evidence. However, the privacy clauses were diluted significantly by the NDA Government in 2003.
3. “Functionality creep” and misuse of data: The centralized database where personal data will be stored can be easily linked with other databases, such as the Employees’ State Insurance Corporation and databases maintained by the police and intelligence agencies. This raises the risk of “functionality creep”. There is a serious concern that the biometric information collected as part of the UID project would be used for policing purposes. The proposed Bill does not contain any mechanism for credible and independent oversight of the UIDAI. There are several instances of the involvement of the State in mass carnage (as in Delhi in 1984 and Gujarat in 2002), and the Government’s support to and defense of the widespread use of ‘encounter killings’ and other extra-Constitutional methods of the police and armed forces.
4. Inappropriate and unproven technology: Around 150 million people are likely to be excluded from benefits because of the UID project. Millions of Indians working in agriculture and as construction workers and other manual labourers have worn-out fingers due to a lifetime of hard labour, resulting in what is technically referred to as ‘low-quality’ fingerprints. UIDAI in its working paper states that fingerprint authentication is not foolproof (such as the degree and direction of the pressure applied while placing the finger on the sensor, excessively greasy or dry skin, and distortions caused by rendering a 3-dimensional object into a flat plane). An iris scan cannot be done on people with corneal blindness, glaucoma or corneal scars. There are an estimated 6-8 million people in Indian with corneal blindness, according to researchers of AIIMS, New Delhi. The Cabinet Secretary KM Chandrasekhar has opposed the collection of iris scans terming it as “waste of money”.
5. Database security not assured: Several of our high-security databases have been hacked in the recent past. India has no generally established data protection law (like the US Federal Privacy Statute or the European Directive on Data Protection). A leaked document in wikileaks website tells that the UID database will be susceptible to attacks and leaks at various levels.
6. Unjustifiable cost: The current costs are estimated at Rs. 45,000 crores. A budget provision of Rs. 1950 crores has been made for the current year, of which over 200 crores has already been spent. Operationalizing the UID project on the ground for NREGA and the PDS would require placing fingerprint readers at every panchayat office and every ration shop. The cost of a fingerprint reader at this time is nearly US$ 50. The total costs of placing a fingerprint in each PDS outlet and in each of India’s 6 lakh villages have not been taken into account in official cost calculations.
7. Bypassing of Parliament and democratic processes: The UIDAI has been set up with considerable powers and resources, without any approval from Parliament or discussion in the public domain about the necessity of such a scheme. In the absence of a Constitutional provision or legal framework, all actions of the UIDAI are technically unconstitutional and illegal.
8. Lessons from other countries: Several countries (including the US, UK, Australia, China, Canada and Germany) have tried such projects and have given these up as impractical, unjustified and dangerous. One of the first acts of the new government in UK after taking office in June, 2010, was to scrap the UID project in that country.

Courtesy: Campaign for No UID, Indian Social Action Forum (INSAF)

* Compiled by Shambhu Ghatak from various sources.

Kindly, click the following links for further information:

“Basic procedures not followed before project was launched”, The Hindu, 29 September, 2010, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article801252.ece

Why the UID number project must be scrapped by Gopal Krishna, Rediff.com, 2 June, 2010, http://news.rediff.com/column/2010/jun/02/why-the-uid-number-project-must-be-scrapped.htm

High-cost, high-risk by R Ramakumar, Frontline, Volume 26, Issue 16, 1-14 August, 2009, http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2616/stories/20090814261604900.htm

Why Indians should fear the UID by Praful Bidwai, Rediff.com, 12 October, 2010, http://news.rediff.com/column/2010/oct/12/column-why-indians-should-fear-the-uid.htm

The personal is the personal by Usha Ramanathan, 6 January, 2010, The Indian Express, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-personal-is-the-personal/563920/0

Questionable link by Praful Bidwai, Frontline, Volume 27, Issue 12, 5-18 June, 2010,

http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2712/stories/20100618271209400.htm

Not all that unique by Reetika Khera, The Hindustan Times, 30 August, 2010,

http://www.hindustantimes.com/Not-all-that-unique/H1-Article1-593541.aspx

NREGA gets 'smart' by Arvind Mayaram, The Financial Express, 24 September, 2010,

http://www.financialexpress.com/news/nrega-gets-smart/686746/0

Unique ID pilot project in a week, The Telegraph, 30 July, 2010,

http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100730/jsp/frontpage/story_12749213.jsp

Govt allocates Rs 10 cr to UIDAI, The Indian Express, 22 July, 2010,

http://www.indianexpress.com/news/govt-allocates-rs-10-cr-to-uidai/650321/

Plugging the leaks, The Business Standard, 15 July, 2010, http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/pluggingleaks/401414/

Govt slashes UIDAI budget by over 50 per cent, Yahoo.com, 11 July, 2010,

http://in.news.yahoo.com/48/20100711/1238/tbs-govt-slashes-uidai-budget-by-over-50.html

Saving the habitat of elephants is now a vital agenda before India

A few days before when Ganesh Chaturthi was celebrated across India, a new report titled: Gajah: Securing the Future for Elephants in India was released by the Elephant Task Force, Ministry of Environment and Forests. The Task Force in its report has estimated that the population of elephants found in the wild is over 26,000 in India. There are 3500 captive elephants, with ancient traditions of captive care. The male population of elephants has shown a decline vis-a-vis females that has led to sex ratios heavily skewed towards females. Large developmental and infrastructural projects are fragmenting elephant habitats, the report finds.

The Task Force comprised of distinguished scholars and environmentalists such as: Dr. Mahesh Rangarajan, Ajay Desai, Dr. R Sukumar, Dr. PS Easa, Vivek Menon, Dr. S Vincent, Suparna Ganguly, Dr. BK Talukdar, Brijendra Singh, Dr. Divya Mudappa, Dr. Sushant Chowdhary and AN Prasad.

The land area occupied by elephants is estimated to be around 110,000 square km, which is composed of Protected Areas, Reserved and other categories of forests, plantations, agriculture, and non-forest areas, the report finds. The report informs that every year over 400 people lose their lives to elephants, and most of them are cultivators or labourers. However, the bad news is that more than half of the 100 elephants are killed every year so as to save standing crops in the fields. Since 1987, India has lost 150 elephants due to train hits.

The Task Force has expressed deep concern over the loss of habitats of elephants and the selective killing off of tuskers in key populations by ivory poachers. While the Task force in its report has praised the achievements of Project Elephant, which has been in existence since 1992, it has recommended for the creation of National Elephant Conservation Authority (NECA) on the lines of the structure for tiger conservation. A new Consortium of Elephant Research and Estimation (CERE) has also been recommended so as to develop and apply the best methods for enumeration. The Task Force has also recommended for scientific methods for elephant population monitoring and landscape assessment.

In order to reduce human-elephant conflicts, the report has asked for preparing Conflict Management Task Forces that would comprise of experienced foresters, scientists, wildlife vets and social scientists. It has recommended for mandatory taluka-level hearings at different times in the sowing and harvesting season in all conflict areas that can bring together affected citizens, officials and elected representatives.

The new Elephant Landscapes that are recommended by the Task Force are as follows:

1. Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong-Intanki

2. Kameng-Sonitpur

3. East Central

4. North Western

5. Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghats

6. Eastern South Bank

7. North Bengal-Greater Manas

8. Meghalaya

9. Anamalai-Nelliampathy-High Range

10. Periyar-Agasthyamalai

The Task Force has also recommended to declare elephant as a National Heritage Animal, which will give it due place as emblem of ecological sensitivity.

Readings:

Gajah: Securing the Future for Elephants in India, Elephant Task Force, Ministry of Environment and Forests,

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ETF_REPORT_FINAL.pdf

Declare elephant a national heritage: panel, http://ibnlive.in.com/news/declare-elephant-a-national-heritage-panel/129983-3.html

Elephant Task Force suggests new body for sensitive zones by R Krishna Kumar, The Hindu, 1 September, 2010, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article606834.ece

Jumbo cry for rethink, 1 September, 2010,

http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100901/jsp/frontpage/story_12881991.jsp

India needs to secure its elephant reserves: panel,

http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/india/2010/09/01/270912/India-needs.htm

Carve an elephant landscape from Eastern Ghats: report,

http://epaper.expressbuzz.com/NE/NE/2010/09/02/ArticleHtmls/02_09_2010_002_033.shtml?Mode=1

Time for an elephantine effort, The Pioneer, 1 September, 2010,

http://www.dailypioneer.com/279955/Time-for-an-elephantine-effort.html

Dooars Terai: Rail & forest blamed for jumbo track deaths, 7 September, 2010,

http://thehimalayanbeacon.com/magazine/2010/09/07/dooars-terai-rail-forest-blamed-jumbo-track-deaths/

www.elephantvoices.org

India-EU free trade agreement: Impact on generic drugs

Indian generic drugs manufacturers are worried about the intellectual property rights issues and trade interests arising out of the new Indo-European Union (EU) free trade agreement, which may be ready by the end of August 2010 and become effective by the end of this year. The reasonably priced generic drugs, which India exports to many developing and poor countries, may face production and trade difficulties thanks to the Anti-Counterfeit Trade Agreement (ACTA), the World Customs Organisation’s Standards to be Employed by Customs for Uniform Rights Enforcement (SECURE), and the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Task Force (IMPACT) that are part and parcel of the bilateral free trade pact.

It is feared that under the free trade deal, India may be persuaded by the EU to impose greater intellectual property protection on medicines—trade and production rules, which would delay the registration and marketing of generic medicines, and would extend the duration of a patent, reducing competition and making the prices of medicines higher.

In order to boost bilateral commerce, India and the 27-member EU have been negotiating the market-opening pact since June 2007. The ongoing process of negotiation faced initial hiccups when the EU tried to associate trade with climate and India’s social sector performance in areas such as child labour. India was against the inclusion of "extraneous" non-trade issues into the free trade talk.

Although the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) allows patented drugs classified as ‘essential’ or crucial to health to be manufactured in developing countries, under the proposed free trade pact between India and EU that takes into consideration ACTA's rules, there is fear that counterfeit drugs may be considered equivalent to generic drugs.

The EU has, however, proposed a clause in the negotiations to ensure that nothing in the proposed agreement would limit India's freedom to produce and export life-saving medicines in accordance with the TRIPS Agreement and the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, notably through compulsory licensing.

Under the "data exclusivity" regime, an Indian company making generic drugs - copies or near-copies of patented products - would be prohibited from availing itself of formulae used to develop a patented medicine for a period of five to nine years. This would result in pushing up the cost of medicine and affect access to cheaper medicines. However, the European Commission on Trade has agreed to take into account the specificities of the Indian legal system, the policy developments on this issue within India, its developing country status and the role it plays with regard to production of essential generics for the developing world.

In the past Indian shipments of generic drugs destined for various African and Latin American nations were seized by the European Union authorities on charges of counterfeiting and patents infringement. Facing India’s opposition, the European Commission on Trade is prepared to propose modifications to the Regulation that may be necessary to clarify the procedures relating to medicines in transit to ensure that generic medicines are not unnecessarily affected when merely transiting the EU. After facing resistance from Doctors Without Borders/ Medecins Sans Frontieres, which depend mostly on Indian generic drugs during its missions, the European Commission took into account the problems arising from the controversial "border protection" measures, under which generic medicines from India got seized at European ports.

Another criticism against the present free trade agreement between India and EU is that the draft has never been in circulation for public consultation. The much famous wikileaks has recently released drafts of the Anti-Counterfeit Trade Agreement (ACTA), which has been opposed by copyleft activists.

Further Readings:

Trade Talks with EU Put Drug Manufacturers on Edge by Keya Acharya, 3 August, 2010, http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=52360

EU-India FTA negotiations and access to medicines-Questions and answers, European Commision on Trade,

http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/may/tradoc_146191.pdf

http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/may/tradoc_146192.pdf

Preliminary Consultation Draft on IPR Chapter of India EU Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (April 2010), http://bilaterals.org/spip.php?article17290

India deal could kill health lifeline by David Cronin, 29 April, 2010,

http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LD29Df01.html

Brazil to object to Dutch seizure of generic drug, 23 January, 2010,

http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2327254420090123

India, EU in new bid to clinch free-trade deal, 24 July, 2010,

http://www.bilaterals.org/spip.php?article17753

Will India-EU deal make drugs dearer? by Rema Nagarajan, 27 April, 2010, The Times of India,

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Will-India-EU-deal-make-drugs-dearer/articleshow/5861723.cms

EU/India trade pact could limit cheap drugs - MSF, 12 March, 2010, Reuters,

http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE62B18T.htm

http://wikileaks.org/wiki/EU-India_Free_Trade_Agreement_draft,_24_Feb_2009

A Bt cotton led agri-revolution

It is usually believed by the scientific community that transgenic varieties of plants can bring about agri-revolution in the so-called developing and third world countries, which depend on food and developmental aid due to shortages and famines. Biotechnology has made it possible to grow more crops, hence, making countries of the South more self-dependent. Same is the message of a new study titled Bt Cotton in India: A Country Profile by Bhagirath Choudhary and Kadambini Gaur (July, 2010), which shows that small and marginal resource-poor Indian farmers are increasingly adopting Bt cotton so as to derive better yields and more profits. Statistics provided in the report indicates that 5.6 million small and marginal farmers in India during the year 2009 planted and benefited from 8.381 (~8.4) million hectares of Bt cotton, equivalent to 87% of the 9.636 (~9.6) million hectare national cotton crop. The usage of Bt cotton has increased due to better yields, rise in production and reduction in the application of insecticides. Within a span of six years from 2002 to 2008, Bt cotton has generated economic benefits for farmers to the tune of US$ 5.1 billion.

During the last 8 years, application of Bt cotton in India has resulted in doubling of yield from 308 kg per hectare in 2001 to 568 kg per hectare in 2009.

The number of farmers growing Bt cotton hybrid has increased from 50,000 in 2002 to 0.56 crore farmers in 2009. The report tells us that farmers prefer multiple genes over a single gene Bt cotton hybrids because multiple gene Bt cotton hybrids provide additional protection to Spodopetra (a leaf eating tobacco caterpillar) while it also increases efficacy of protection to both American bollworm, Pink bollworm and Spotted bollworm.

The report informs that 65% of India's cotton is grown on dryland and 35% on irrigated lands. In the year 2008, Maharashtra, the largest cotton-growing state, had 2.15 million farmers growing cotton, which occupied approximately 34% of India’s total cotton area.

Due to the conducive biotechnology policies of the government, which allowed private sector participation in R&D and sale of hybrid Bt cotton, area under Bt cotton production in India increased from 50 thousand hectares in 2002 to 8381 thousand hectares in 2009. In 2006-07, India overtook the USA to become the second largest cotton producing country in the world, after China. In 2006, India’s Bt cotton area (3.8 million hectares) exceeded for the first time, that of China’s 3.5 million hectares, the report mentions.

As a result of increased use of Bt cotton, exports of cotton increased from 0.05 million bales in 2001-02 to 3.5 million bales in 2008-09. Due to the boom in cotton production during the last eight years, India could become a net exporter in cotton.

Based on the literature survey of various individual studies, the report paints a rosy picture of how Bt cotton economically benefitted the farmers. The report, however, remains uncritical about the way Bt cotton adversely affected the farmers leading to suicides being committed, and loss of biodiversity. There are studies, which show that yields do not rise necessarily due to growing of Bt cotton. The quality of the cotton grown is poor in the case of Bt cotton. It provides little resistance to Pink bollworm. The economic advantage of growing Bt cotton is over-exaggerated. The present report tries to hide the fact how many of the seed companies are extracting huge royalties by selling the genetically modified seeds at higher prices to our farmers.

Further readings:

Bt Cotton in India: A Country Profile by Bhagirath Choudhary and Kadambini Gaur, July, 2010, http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_crop_profiles/bt_cotton_in_india-a_country_profile/download/Bt_Cotton_in_India-A_Country_Profile.pdf

Background Note on Bt Cotton Cultivation in India, http://www.envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/geac/bgnote.pdf

Bt Cotton or Better Cotton? by Kunal Dutt, http://www.ccsindia.org/ccsindia/policy/glob/studies/wp0008.pdf

Bt cotton has failed admits Monsanto by DC Sharma, 6 March, 2010,

http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/86939/India/Bt+cotton+has+failed+admits

Bt Cotton is a Failure by Dr. Suman Sahai,

http://www.genecampaign.org/Publication/Article/BT%20Cotton/BtCotton-is-failure.pdf

The story of Bt. Cotton in Andhra Pradesh: Erratic Processes and Results (February, 2005), Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CSA), http://www.grain.org/research_files/Story_of_Bt_Cotton.pdf

An odd royalty calculus by Latha Jishnu, The Business Standard, 24 June, 2010, http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/latha-jishnu-an-odd-royalty-calculus/399194/

Cotton farmers opt for double-gene Bt technology by Harish Damodaran, The Hindu Business Line, 25 July, 2010, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/07/26/stories/2010072651811300.htm

Farmers earn more from organic cotton: Survey, The Hindu Business Line, 16 June, 2010, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/06/17/stories/2010061751791700.htm

Bt cotton seed firms tell states to end price control by B Krishna Mohan, The Business Standard, 9 June, 2010, http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/bt-cotton-seed-firms-tell-states-to-end-price-control/397519/

Bt cotton ineffective against pest in parts of Gujarat, admits Monsanto by Priscilla Jebaraj, The Hindu, 6 March, 2010, http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/06/stories/2010030664831400.htm

Meet on National Food Security Bill

A timely consultation on Right to Food Bill was held at Silver Oak I, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi on 13 July, 2010. The Food Security Meet was organized by Care India (http://www.careindia.org/) and it witnessed huge participation from national and international NGOs, activists, academicians, government officials and researchers.

The first speaker Ms. Annie Raja from National Federation of Indian Women spoke at length about the Draft National Food Security Bill (http://www.righttofoodindia.org/data/egom_draft_bill2010.pdf) and the flaws in it. She asked whether availability of rice and wheat via the public distribution system (PDS) is enough to ensure food security. She emphasized on the inclusion of nutrition security and access to safe and clean drinking water in the draft Right to Food Bill of the UPA II government. She informed that the empowered Group of Ministers (eGoM) did not consider nutrition security as the responsibility of the government under the Food Security Bill. Simply passing the Food Security Bill won’t ensure food security for all. The notion of food security has to be linked with livelihood security, she said. She questioned the exact definition of household under the National Rural Employment Guaranty Act (NREGA). She told that when Tsunami struck Tamil Nadu in 2004, it took a long while for the government to step forward. Many of the dalit families lost their habitats and livelihoods. But National Federation of Indian Women provided livelihoods to such households. Under the new Food Security Bill, the allocation per household per month is reduced from 35 kg to 25 kg. If the new Bill becomes an Act, then the price of foodgrains for the below poverty line (BPL) households under the PDS in Kerala would go up from Rs. 1-2 per kg to Rs. 3 per kg. There is no single estimate of poverty in India, which can turn things more complex. Prof. Arjun Sengupta (www.nceus.gov.in) claimed that about 77% of Indian population was stuck below the average per capita expenditure of Rs. 20/- per day. The NC Saxena Committee (constituted by the Rural Development ministry) was asked to recommend criteria for identification of BPL families in rural India. It held the view that 50% of India should be brought under the ambit of the poverty line. The Suresh Tendulkar Committee report submitted in December 09 estimates poverty in India at over 37 per cent (2004-05) and not at 28 per cent as calculated earlier by the Planning Commission.

Ms. Annie Raja pointed out that instead of a ‘garibi rekha’ (poverty line), there must be an ‘amiri rekha’. The creation of the ‘amiri rekha’ would help the government to stop exempting those companies and corporate houses who have earned a good fortune at the expense of poor due to the biased economic policies adopted by the government. There are problems associated with targeting, which include ‘inclusion’ and ‘exclusion’ errors. Universal PDS is the solution. The eGoM is contemplating on replacing the existing PDS with cash transfer and coupon system. But this will have a pervasive effect on the PDS and the people who access it. Land use policies and Special Export Zones (SEZs) policies need to be changed so as to ensure livelihood security and prevent unmindful land acquisition and displacement. Targeting of the PDS has affected the procurement and production of millets. Food security is a big issue. Inflation affects the food security status of the poor and the women. Nearly, 40 percent of Indian women are malnourished.

Shri Balaji Singh told that people go without food despite high food production. While quoting Mahatma Gandhi, he said that poor people see God in food. Access to food, education and health leads to social development. Adequate food and nutrition intake can lead to better labour productivity. Inflation affects poor the most. Some form of accountability measure must be included in the Food Security Bill for better implementation. Shri Balaji Singh mentioned about the ongoing debate surrounding targeting and universalization of the existing PDS. He criticised the current PDS since people are given food, which does not suit their culture and taste. Food must be made available to the people within 24-48 hours after a disaster strikes. There is no planned intervention on the part of the government to ensure food security in the disaster prone regions. The system requires better managerial capability in times of outbreak of disasters.

Smt. Sarala Gopalan explained that as a civil servant she noticed that a programme is considered as good when it is effectively implemented by the government and received well by the public. There have been small-scale efforts made in various parts of Maharastra, including Pune, to ensure food security and to make people aware about the nutritional values of indigenous varieties of millets. She gave examples of various UNICEF-sponsored programmes that aimed at nutritional security of the local communities. She referred to the usefulness of village-level grain banks in states like Orissa and the empowering impact of micro-credit and co-operatives run by women. Food security is a managerial problem. In India, the cost of transportation is too high. When food aid arrives in ports, food distribution does not take place properly due to high cost involved in transportation. Many of the new schemes needs to be converged, Ms. Gopalan added. The present NREGA does not have provisions for constructing local godowns for food storage. Building local godowns will help people during the time of disaster. Access to safe and clean drinking water helps in metabolism and, hence, ensures food security. In China, there was a time when citizens were instructed to boil water before drinking. In rural Haryana, women and men suffer from indigestion due to dearth of vegetables as it is not grown. Consumption of vegetables helps in avoiding constipation. She gave a simple strategy to get clean water. Water when kept in a clean bottle under the sun for 2-3 hours is good for consumption since it is as clean as the water one gets from water purifiers. Managerial arrangements and expertise are required to solve the problem of food insecurity. India can gain from ‘demographic dividend’ if it implements its policies intelligently and youths are included in both policy formulation and implementation.

Shri Ashok Bharti demanded that the definition of food security as defined by the President of India when UPA II came into power needs to be changed. The actual definition of food security is quite broad, Mr. Bharti informed. He asked for identifying those who are dying due to starvation and hunger. It has always been the case that tribals and dalits become victims of hunger and destitution. In Madhya Pradesh, a large part of the population is suffering due to malnutrition. Food security with dignity is must. People must get food with dignity. For this to happen, people should have livelihoods so as to access food. Advertisements on social welfare schemes are benefitting the media industry and the political leaders. The role of youths in ensuring food security has to be discussed. Lessons on food security can be learnt from various nations.

Dr. Kamal Raj talked about empowering the women and better nutritional status of children.

Shri Anoop Kumar Srivastava (National Conference of Dalit Organizations, http://www.nacdor.org/) informed that despite Constitutional provisions, discrimination on the basis of caste, religion and region take place in India. The status of tribal communities and dalits is miserable in terms of food and nutrition security. Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) lag behind the general caste people in terms of literacy levels. Nearly, 36 percent of SCs and 46 percent of STs live below the poverty line. Almost 80-90 percent of the people who died due to starvation are dalits and tribals. The Supreme Court issued an order for 8 different food related schemes in 2001 through which food security can be ensured. Mr. Srivastava also talked about various aspects of food security such as: availability, accessibility, adequacy, equality and quality. He informed that aanganwadi centres are located physically outside the reach of dalit families. Dalits do not get enough information about various food related schemes.

Shri Anoop Kumar Srivastava made the following points regarding the ground level situation of dalits:

Ø Dalits are not aware about their rights

Ø Exclusion of dalits from identification of poverty

Ø Social, economic and political inequality

Ø Discrimination on the basis of gender and caste

Ø Denial of resources and land to poor

Ø Involvement of dalits in the decision-making process is minimal

Ø Domination of upper-caste in the Gram Sabha

Ø Most of the dalits don’t have BPL cards though they are eligible

Ø Ration card dealers keep the cards of the dalits with themselves

Ø Ration shops are out of reach (location is far)

Ø Information on opening up of shops not disseminated to dalits

Ø In the MDMS, dalit children suffer from discrimination

Ø Dalits do not enjoy the pension schemes

There are various measures of poverty in India: NC Saxena-50%; Planning Commission-27%; Tendulkar Committee-37.2%; Arjun Sengupta-77%. The new poverty line as measured by Suresh Tendulkar is Rs. 17 per day per person. But a person cannot live with dignity by earning Rs. 17 per day, said Mr. Srivastava. Offtake from PDS is quite low. If the current PDS is made universal and 35 kg of foodgrain is allocated to each household, then 33-40 percent of the foodgrains need to be bought by the government from the open market. Food Security Act should not be about PDS only. All the essential commodities must be supplied via the ration/ fair price shops like dal (pulses and legumes), cooking oil etc. The PDS should also cover disabled, homeless, single-women etc. The BPL list as prepared by the Ministry of Rural Development should not be used by Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution (http://fcamin.nic.in/). The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution must have its own BPL list. Landlessness must be solved in rural India. Effective grievance redressal mechanism must be there in the National Food Security Bill.

Shri Kennedy Dhanabalan (EFICOR, www.eficor.org/) talked about the socio-economic status of Malto—a primitive tribe of Jharkhand. He said that the literacy rate among this tribe is 14 percent and MMR is 8 percent. The Malto tribe has the worst records in human development. Malaria is quite rampant in the area, where the tribe lives. Their food absorption is affected because of unavailability of clean and safe drinking water. The Malto tribe does not have access to electricity & schools, and they suffer at the hands of the government officials, Dhanabalan added.

Smt. Saraswati Rao informed that women’s issues are often neglected by the policy-makers. Women cannot be excluded if one is talking about food security. All the capability-building activities target men and miss women. When it comes to talking about productivity, women are neglected. When it comes to talking about reproductive activities, women are solely targeted. Absorption of nutrition is also related to education level of women. Women are also neglected as farmers. Inter-generational malnutrition is a big challenge before India. We are good at drafting schemes but fail in implementing them. It is essential to improve the farming techniques of women to increase their productivity and income.

Shri Sanjib Hans talked about how poverty contributes to hunger and the poor access to PDS by various social groups. He asked for providing food security during the time of disaster outbreaks. He called for delinking the PDS from the BPL category. He said that access to food is a fundamental human right and demanded for inclusion of social auditing and public hearing in the draft National Food Security Bill.

Dr. Ram Dayal Munda (Member, National Advisory Council, http://nac.nic.in) said that the present Food Security Bill deals with survival level existence. He asked for paying more attention to children and rural women.

Dr. MS Swaminathan (Member, National Advisory Council, http://nac.nic.in), who was the main speaker, informed that food security is a multi-dimensional, multi-faceted theme. The present Bill when becomes an Act would provide entitlement. Accessing food with human dignity is essential. Poor are poor because of lack of assets and skills. The West Bengal Government in the 1970s and 1980s implemented land and tenancy reforms to enable the poor with assets. India has the largest number of poor and hungry people in the world. Presently, we are living in a knowledge based economy. Given the opportunities, we can make ordinary people extra-ordinary. With the advent of Right to Information Act, Right to Employment Act (NREGA), Right to Education, Indian democracy is moving towards a right-based approach to development, Swaminathan added. Agricultural production, procurement (as well as distribution) and preservation are important aspects of food security. Every 4^th farmer in the world is an Indian. Indians are producers-consumers. In the US, 2 percent produces and 98 percent consume. Community kitchens and community grain banks are essential to ensure food security. Getting the priorities right is very important, when it comes to choosing a policy and getting programmes implemented. When we talk about a food security law, we have to think about food availability. India cannot rely on importing food grains to ensure food security when the new law is enacted. Food security law cannot rely on imports. In India, the producers of food grains (farmers/ peasants) are malnourished and their income levels are low. Mahila Kisan Shasaktikaran Yojana is a new scheme in which the government recognizes women as farmers. Child care crèches are important for working mothers and their babies. The works done under NREGA are meant for achieving water security. The government must give some form of recognition or award to group of NREGA workers every year. The real beneficiaries are those who received the Sixth Pay Commission and not the NREGA workers. Hence, constituting some form of recognition/ award for the NREGA workers is essential as they are doing back-breaking work. Dr. MS Swaminathan also commented on Seeds Bill and Genetically Modified Plants.

The suggestions pertaining to the draft National Food Security Bill made during the group consultations were presented to the NAC members who promised to bring them before the government.